#Smile with - #ayurveda #sidhi #DrNitinChaube

 

Stop Worrying, Keep Smiling #HarGharAyurveda #AyurvedaEveryHome #DrNitinChaube #ayurveda

 

Ayurveda - an under utilized significance in COVID or victim of Business Political Vendetta

 #COVID19 & Its variants -

Attack ACE2 sites

Significance of ACE2 sites - it plays a critical role in numerous lung related physiological processes which may be difficult to describe in a short note; however in common man's langauge they are responsible for critically both water and electrolyte balance in the lung environment, which maintains O2 saturation and CO2 saturation levels by electrolytically influencing transport across the lungs and consequentially also partial pressure environment.

#Ayurveda - the ACE2 mechanism is responsible for maintenance of - jal, Agni and prithvi mahabhoot balance or to say - kapha and Agni; and it's alteration is reflected in two metabolic processes - aerobic leading to hyperventilation and viciously inducing anaerobic due to environmental changes leading to consequential acidosis

This is followed by MOF and Termination of life.

What upon survival - anaerobic stress leads to tissue damages and some of which may lead to auto triggers; which will lead to long term effects in altered bone density etc., Altered thyroid and metabolic functions, autoimmunity and most visibly observed increased incidences of CKD, HTn and DM.

Some of these may also lead to emergence of a new trend of metabolic disorders involving - cardio-pulmo-renal complex seeking ACE2 moderation as the key treatment regimen, which needs to strongly deal with metabolic acidosis.

This can be observed as an instant shock or a long term slow poison effect - whereby an interesting concept of marma (vital points) becomes focus.

To my reading and observation - this will form a part of parshvasandhigata-pranavaha-kalantar marma complex signifying involvements of (mootravaha srotas (renal), pranavaha srotas (lungs and heart), rasavaha and raktavaha srotas (blood and lymph channels), and also mamsavaha srotas (muscular system) - which innately means - the trauma and extent of trauma will define if it is instantly terminal or it will be a slow progressive termination - metabolic / autoimmune syndrome.

Important derivation -

#Ayurveda recognised such a possibility at a time when modern technology was not there and the derivation is actually mathematical, susceptibility of which is defined by your natural constitution, the deviations from it in your present and the influencing environment around you; hence the treatment lies not only in limiting the spread but in a whole alteration of environment to gain a new homeostatic equilibrium; in the absence of any effort of which, truncated life is a near possibility.

More significant - moderation by use of vaccine, is a double edged weapon because it tried to modify the environment unilaterally by moderating rasvaha and raktavaha srotas (humoral system and the haemodynamic system), but seems to ignore the following impact on mootravaha srotas (renal system).

Hence, #Ayurveda in an appropriate measure is the key to success of both #vaccines and any standardized treatment protocol design.

Ayurveda - an under utilized significance in COVID  or victim of Business Political Vendetta?? 

A question that readers can answer and leave as comments

Understanding Ayurvedic medicines - #Ayurveda #Metals #Herbal #DrNitinChaube #Sideeffects #Diabetes #kidneys #Liver #livercirrhosis #agriculture #ghee #hargharayurveda

Assumption - eg: - Medicine X has 5 contents as raw herbs. Each herb has a-z benefits and A-Z hazards.

Assumption Mismatch -

1) C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 be the 5 herbs - each has C1.1----C1.x and similarly others various contents as - alkaloids, oils, and various categories of constituents. 

2) Each of these is together treated in a medium say for eg: water therefore let us assume it forms a physical constitution of solution or emulsion at the start

3) When it is further tempered by heating, or adding other things like salt, sugar, molasses or any metallic compounds - now there is a limited host of compounds added which often reacts with the water or substance in which C1-C5 is treated.

4) The Chemical by product of water + the above coadjuvant added either electrically dissociates into eloctovalent ionic solutions or covalent solutions depending on their bond energy properties.

5) Next these temper, or disintegrate the physical properties and extract the innate chemical constituents of C1 - C5 which are in the form of alkaloids, oils etc.

6) Once these have been extracted this emulsion in the further process of treatments goes through innumerable chemical reactions to form a solution or emulsion or any other form may be a dust of a complex of chemical compounds independent of its original properties.

7) Unlike modern medicine this is physically treated for a any external impurity getting added to this complex derived after processing; instead of isolation of bioactive constituent.

8) Ayurveda suggests that this mixture of bioactive constituents and non-active constituents tends to neutralize the adverse effects of bio-constituents and that is why it states indefinite use of most drugs is not correct even if they are Ayurvedic and derived from plant sources.

9) Each drug has a prescribed regimen for it and beyond, it also mentions signs which will reflect as over use, or as adverse hazards in texts itself.

Argument - This is potentially a strong point and warrants the following - 

1) radioactive tracer studies to evaluate potentially strong active constituents

2) further evaluation of these complexes in artificial environment, animal models and human studies to trace the route and combinations these bioconstituents form within the body and also how do they interact with various metabolic processes.

3) Isolation of a single complex and studying it is only partial account of its effects and adverse impacts, because inside the body at different pH and exposed to different pH and enzyme and hormone assays within the body, each of these contents in the resultant pharmaceutical complex can form different metabolopharmaceutically acitve complexes and that is the potential reason for action of these drugs. This is again to be done using tracing mapping mechanisms.

4) Most of my fellow Ayurveda fraternity and most in Modern medicine fraternity will say this is not Ayurveda. 

5) (A) - If you identify Ayurveda with pharmaceutical products and argue on the basis of these then, until here, we have not disturbed, removed or included any new substances than mentioned in the formulary of the product which is mentioned in the treatise of formulations of Ayurveda. Even the administered drug has not be altered but is in the same form as derived through the processes it went through and resulted in at the end of those processes. What we have changed is the language of discourse, therefore this is essentially, integrally Ayurveda.

5) (B) If you identify Ayurveda more than pharmaceutical products then the whole argument where pharmaceutical drugs are questioned for their a.1-z.n toxicity content evaluations fails, because you are questioning pharmaceutical formulary which you do not identify with your perception of Ayurveda. Thus the toxicology studies are in contravention of the hypothesis and cannot prove the very own hypothesis that Ayurveda is not to be identified with pharmaceutical alone.

5) (C) To those in Ayurvedic community who will say this is not Ayurveda for the first argument, I only can say, if interpretation of the Samhita from Sanskrit to Hindi, English or other languages did not change the Samhita, so the interpretation of interplay of the properties of kshiti-jal-pavak-sameer-gagan in a language of modern chemistry does not change the product.

5) (D) And, to those in Ayurveda fraternity who look beyond pharmaceutical drugs and still question the whole, I feel sorry to say, but probably either they need to unlearn and relearn what they did in the years of Ayurvedic education, or revisit school to recount on basics of science education, which capacitated them to reason and comprehend the complexities of vedic literature.

The debate on Ayurveda vs Modern Science will go on; but the fact that one stands a test of time (a few 1000 years) with its own proven identical of evolution with time, place, geography, population, etc. (Prakruti) vs a few 100 years of exploitation of same processes of formulation and using techniques to hyper refine content marginalizing the prudent principle of coexisting constituents into having highly purified only bioactive constituents for administration is reflected in number of known adverse events of Ayurvedic medicines vs number of known adverse events of modern medicines.

Let us first reflect on what laboratory studies are done and to what extent do they explore the action of drugs, than just reading incomplete research articles which probe attributes of one content or the other, instead of a whole complex.

LONELINESS - MENTAL HEALTH & PHYSICAL HEALTH

"LONELINESS", every one has experienced it!

Some befriend it and some fight it, but no one has escaped it. Let me talk about it here this time with some hypothetical situations and then the medical side of it when it comes to Ayurveda and may be some juxtaposition of modern science.

Let us first identify what is loneliness? 

It is a peculiar state when an individual can find himself isolated without a company, even if he is a part of a crowd. It is a state of mind in which a person goes into a withdrawal and hallucinates being in a state where he enjoys his imaginations which can be dreamy to feel happy, and, or inflict upon self damaging physical and mental well being of self.

That sounded suicidal in either frames, and how many of us did realize we enter into this self infliction mode more often than not. 

Sometimes loneliness comes to you because of accidents because you lose someone in life early or late. This someone is in a way emotional dependence and the world around moves on, but the individual ends up stagnating.

Sometimes it is a dream and goal under achieved which leaves the individual with the same feeling.

Why is it dangerous?

This is dangerous because it allows you to create multiple worlds around, with shifting adaptation to achieve consolation and a masochist happiness which is least realized coming to one with severe damages to mental health leading to physical health.

How does it hurt health ?

This is a long discussion beyond the scope of this article. I would attempt touching a few dots on the outside.

When a person enters loneliness and creates those artificial worlds around self, the person hallucinates happiness and in doing so he attempts to achieve Satva is how Ayurvedic mental health physiology would define loneliness.

The state of loneliness comes with an over drawn Tamas. 

Let me try to simplify Satva, Rajas and Tamas which form three pillars of mental health, and have often been misguided by sages in Indian philosophy and mythology. 

Satva is a state assumed to be of purity which in its most simplistic state, can be identified by a behavior where the individual does not apparently seek options to things and is seemingly in a familial world without any conflict of desire. This is perhaps a state in influence of Serotonin.

Rajas is a state where the influence of Adrenalin is a direct relation as the behavioral dynamics reflects in all three actions of fear, fight and flight. 

Tamas is a peculiar state because here the influence is complex and draws an individual to a mized behavioral influence with probably coexisting expressions of adrenalin and acetylcholine, adrenalin, acetylcholine and dopamine, adrenalin, serotonin and dopamine, serotonin and dopamine, and other possibilites. Each of these combinations is capable of producing a different sense of isolation and allow hallucination. These can be of 7 kinds from being most passive forms to boisterously ambitious and violent expressions. 

Both these extremes are when a person may be into depression and may be self inflicting or socially violent to the extreme of being schizophrenic. 

The in-between states need medical attention more often than not which is not addressed. We should be talking about these, because this is when it becomes important and noticeable that a person walks into drug addiction, asocial or antisocial behavior and all depends on his surroundings, and how they respec his existence.

Often the negligent attitude leads to creation of loneliness. Negligence is itself rajas induced tamas environment and is a classic example of what Ayurveda says prakruti (constituent dosha's of the prakruti) add on to the individuals (age related natural doshic constitution and assumes a reflection of altered satva, rajas and tamas constitution arthmetically) which leads to altered behavior. According to Ayurvedic models spanning assumed age of 120 years the doshic influence moves along a scale of Satva - Satva Rajas - Rajas - Rajo Tamas - Tamas (0 to 120 years). An alteration to these natural states influenced by the factors as above only prepones Tamas. 

This influences balance of Kapha - Kapha Pittaja - Pittaja - Pitta Vataja - Vataj and together reflects as numerous metabolic upheavals across the spectrum and thus reflect as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and anything that is a part of a lifystyle.

As  a lifestyle architect I have been fortunately exposed to these altered states and find loneliness to be a major influence on human behavior and human health.

You must be seeking a solution too here?

If i read my reader right, it is a natural expectation, but sadly the solution is in deciphering the complex permutation and combination of Vata-Pitta-Kapha-Satva-Rajas-Tamas which is prakruti analysis and then mapping and juxtaposing it against a natural normal which is evaluated against a constant of age to the least, and thereafter evaluating the gap between the two. 

This is where and what Ayurveda attempts to achieve in all its treatment models. Which is why a prakruti analysis leads to an appropriate minimal medication and appropriate lifestyle modulation to achieve appropriate solutions. Hence the solution lies in prakruti analysis and loneliness finds a solution in appropriate behavioral modulation and moderation, so as to achieve perfect mental health.

This is prakruti analysis, an art which needs to grow beyond nadi pariksha and various models of texts into a statistical form which is relatable..

Write to me at hbhweb20@gmail.com for your detailed prakruti analysis. 

#COLONCANCER & #AYURVEDA

 Ayurveda talks of 3 humoral principles of constitution of matter formed out of 5 basic elements, both for living and non-living.

The three are - viz., Vata. Pitta, Kapha. These have been textually translated as air, bile and phlegm. This basic translation is wherefrom the whole goes wrong in conveying the right message.

Question - Why wrong?

Answer - this is a molecular representation which has been universalized to both living and non-living and therefore to give it a perfect nomenclature and representation is an imperfect attribution.

Question - Then what should be the representation?

Answer - These are abstract attributes which find morphological or physiological interpretations in modern science to make it easy for people to understand because of change of language of communication with time. 

Vata - basically represents dynamism and anything which reflects as motion, including the vibration between the intermolecular spaces of a solid is vata.

Pitta - is reflected in the cause of these motions increasing or decreasing. 

The increasing or decreasing thresholds of energy causing the motion as one reflection is a representation and further relates to changing forms of energy.

Kapha - is the resultant reflection of change of states of matter because of changes in energy thresholds and induced alterations in dynamism of the intermolecular and atomic spaces.

Now let me first bring it to a living body or at best a living cell. 

Vata - in case of cell may be reflected in the motion of molecules entering or leaving the cell and movement of cytoplasmic or nucleopplasmic fluid within etc.

This is enabled by 4 forms of energy to be understood in different ways - electrolytic potential, pressure gradient of osmosis, energy changes within due to biomolecular reactions happening,and energy changes happening in terms of pH of the environment which by itself is competitive enough to run the biomolecular bilateral reaction of catabolism and anabolism together, with one overtaking the other along with the process of ageing.

Therefore - Ayurveda is a cosmic interpretation of energy dynamics in one way which in large spaces stands misinterpreted as a plain morphological science.

Will be taking up cancer and then colon cancer in a short while. on this thread itself.

#Cancer - basic definition suggests - uncontrolled multiplication of cells. 

Known researches in modern science suggest - while a lowered pH enables multiplication of cells, and increasing one which means alkalination enhances maturation and differentiation.

This is reflected in #Ayurveda and is corelated by 2 elements of observation - 

1) increased multiplication induces anaerobic stress and the resultant metabolic products are of acidic pH.

2) Maturation and differentiation is enabled by cations which is alkalination.

Ayurveda - suggests multiplication is vata (dynamic) and anaerobic or aerobic function to be energy translation of (agni = pitta) when agni which is a component of pitta is less and need is more the stress is on the process leading to anaerobic state. 

The above conclusion is similar to modern medicine where if there is not enough oxygen or any other oxidative anion, the process moves from a ATP profiteering state to ATP loss and absence of anions leads to increased acidification.

This is used to be called as aerobic and anaerobic stress and now in modern cellular and molecular biology it has been represented by molecular thresholds at the levels of ER and Mitochondria and Golgi and, thereby reported as organelle level metabolic stress function.

This difference is acceptable and should not become a discord as often in discourse as 3000 years ago we did not have microscopy or spectrography or chromatography or radiography or any other such mapping technique which could map these processes the same way as we do today.

Back to cancer - so when there is a loss in this linear moderation of pH within the body moving from Acid to Base, it causes cellular injuries. These injuries can be to the mRNA chain, to cell structure, to cell fluid environment.

When the damage is to the mRNA it can trigger an autoimmune reaction and also may be cancer. When there is a structural injury it impairs mechanisms like cell adhesion which prevent further cell multiplication and induce differentiation and maturation, and when the damage is to the fluid environment this is hyperdynamic and can cause simultaneous repeated injuries of both kind and therefore has the potential to cause cancer in the most notorious of forms.

Ayurveda - treats this as an imbalance of agni due to absence of jal and prithvi - (hydroxylation and cataionic imbalance) which may be because of impaired micronutrition, poor water intake

and many other reasons leading to creation of an environment which induces a hyperdynamic response with multiple injury points and leads to formation of physical nodes sometimes and sometimes dynamic patches called as Arbud. which have there own classification of subtypes.

So the basic aetiology is somewhere similar in altered biochemical environment due to causes which may not be pin pointed in either systems and made an assumption of as to what can lead to a cancer.

Synergistic approach to use of diagnostic tools will make it more coherent and treatment options more specific.

I shall be picking specifically on #coloncancer shortly on this thread itself next.

Coming to #ColonCancer I will use the following modern medicine link to share my views -https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669

Key points that i would address - 

1) polyps and why they form as per Ayurveda

2) similarities of causes underlying for colon cancer between modern medicine and Ayurveda

3) possible role of ayurvedic drugs

I will begin with second point - similarities.

Modern - 

In general, colon cancer begins when healthy cells in the colon develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell's DNA contains a set of instructions that tell a cell what to do.

Ayurveda - 

DNA mutations need altered enzyme behaviour which has to do with pH and Cationic and Anionic exposure within the cell environment. This point is the same as discussed above. 

Ayurveda relates this due to lack of coherent knowledge of the time to 5 element theory and 3 principles

Modern - Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way to keep your body functioning normally. But when a cell's DNA is damaged and becomes cancerous, cells continue to divide — even when new cells aren't needed. As the cells accumulate, they form a tumor.

Ayurveda - when there is a pittaja imbalance inducing vata and both enter into a cyclic induction or anaerobic stress, lead to altered biochemical behaviour and altered mRNA transcription preceeded by a mutation, and hence altered mitotic cycle or may be meiosis as well.

With time, the cancer cells can grow to invade and destroy normal tissue nearby. And cancerous cells can travel to other parts of the body to form deposits there (metastasis).

This is hyperdynamism of Vata when it starts consuming water as a whole and dries out intercellular spaces causing both anasarca and emaciation depending on locus and in all forms it is terminal

coming to polyps - benign and malignant - 

polyps in Ayurveda are principally kaphaja state where they remain benign and are clumps of cells to say. This is a state where textually the 5 element theory says - 

Prithvi and Jal increase which means mass increase which is benign. 

this leads to obliteration of akash or space, physically observed phenomenon. Akash is both abstract and morphological obliteration of space with growing polyps.

A growing polyp always potentially can cause 

1) stool obstructions, small or large

2) stool adhesion around which means increased putrefaction at the site

3) increased ammonia at the polyp site leading to cationic substitution causing local electrolytic imbalances 

4) impaired transmembrane transport, inducing altered mRNA transcription, mutation and development of polyps as multiplication gets altered.

5) Ayurveda elaborates on the biochemical physiology of it instead of much on morphology

6) Altered pittaja behaviour (Agni supposedly fire) leads to altered ratios of (jal supposedly water), (prithivi supposedly solid state matter) and (akash supposedly space). 

This induces altered dynamic factor (vayu supposedly air) 

7) the two dynamic factors agni and vayu induce movement across the environment of the 3 physical attributes and there limitation unnaturally. 

8) consequent desiccation leads to further concentration of pitta and vata manifested as cationic substitution.

9) till water is present prithivi and jal combine to form adhered clumps called arbud, but following desication this disintegrated or as we call as bursts and therefrom it becomes free to move about or metastasis.

10) therefore it is largely different routes of explanation

Risk factors

Older age. Colon cancer can be diagnosed at any age, but a majority of people with colon cancer are older than 50. The rates of colon cancer in people younger than 50 have been increasing, but doctors aren't sure why.

Ayurveda - with growing age oxidative stress ..

increases leading to tissue level acidity or aam dosha as we call and this is an underlying part of ageing and also autoimmunity. 

both lead to certain susceptibilities including cancer.

African-American race. African-Americans have a greater risk of colon cancer than do people of other races.

 Ayurveda - details this as part of a concept which it calls as prakruti and is a detailed meta analysis of all conditions that influnence human health

A personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps. If you've already had colon cancer or noncancerous colon polyps, you have a greater risk of colon cancer in the future.

Ayurveda - answers this as altered prakruti within which needs close management

Inflammatory intestinal conditions. Chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, can increase your risk of colon cancer.

Ayurveda - these conditions have an altered inflared vata or pitta or both and hence a predisposition

Inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk. Some gene mutations passed through generations of your family can increase your risk of colon cancer significantly. 

Ayurveda - relates this to prakruti again

The most common inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk are familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).

Ayurveda - Parental prakruti and conceptional prakruti influences

Family history of colon cancer. You're more likely to develop colon cancer if you have a blood relative who has had the disease. 

Ayurveda - Prakruti

Low-fiber, high-fat diet. Colon cancer and rectal cancer may be associated with a typical Western diet, which is low in fiber and high in fat and calories. 

Ayurveda - Inflared Pittaja and Vataja functions leading to altered prakruti is what Ayurveda explains this as

Research in this area has had mixed results. Some studies have found an increased risk of colon cancer in people who eat diets high in red meat and processed meat.

Ayurveda - Poor aerobic metabolism

A sedentary lifestyle. People who are inactive are more likely to develop colon cancer. Getting regular physical activity may reduce your risk of colon cancer.

Ayurveda - poor aerobic metabolism

Diabetes. People with diabetes or insulin resistance have an increased risk of colon cancer.

Ayurveda - Increased metabolic stress both at colon and extra colon levels leading to hyperaltered metabolic oxidative impacts

Obesity. People who are obese have an increased risk of colon cancer and an increased risk of dying of colon cancer when compared with people considered normal weight.

Ayurveda - Impaired oxidative metabolism

Smoking. People who smoke may have an increased risk of colon cancer.

Alcohol. Heavy use of alcohol increases your risk of colon cancer.

Ayurveda - Impaired oxidative metabolism

Radiation therapy for cancer. Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers increases the risk of colon cancer.

Ayurveda - external causes altering agni and vayu locally as a traumatic impact

This is what i have to say for now on this subject!

Medicines i have not touched for a while until this discussion closes on twitter

WHY AYURVEDA IS IMPORTANT IN TIMES OF CORONA?

WHY AYURVEDA IS IMPORTANT IN TIMES OF CORONA?

WE HAVE HAD THE CURE, NOW IT IS TIME TO SERVE IT!

 Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine increase pH within intracellular vacuoles and alter processes such as protein degradation by acidic hydrolases in the lysosome, assembly of macromolecules in the endosomes, and posttranslation modification of proteins in the Golgi apparatus. It is proposed that the antirheumatic properties of these compounds results from their interference with "antigen processing" in macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells. Acidic cytoplasmic compartments are required for the antigenic protein to be digested and for the peptides to assemble with the alpha and beta chains of MHC class II proteins. As a result, antimalarials diminish the formation of peptide-MHC protein complexes required to stimulate CD4+ T cells and result in down-regulation of the immune response against autoantigenic peptides. Because this mechanism differs from other antirheumatic drugs, antimalarials are well suited to complement these other compounds in combination drug therapy.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8278823

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(06)70361-9/fulltext

Chloroquine analog is a diprotic weak base. The unprotonated form of chloroquine diffuses spontaneously and rapidly across the membranes of cells and organelles to acidic cytoplasmic vesicles such as endosomes, lysosomes, or Golgi vesicles and thereby increases their pH (Al‐Bari 2015). On oral administration, the analog is readily absorbed and concentrated in tissues such as the liver, spleen, and kidney (Al‐Bari 2015)‐ where several fatal viruses harbored, replicated, and infected (Geisbert et al. 2003). In cellular levels of the tissues, chloroquine becomes highly concentrated in such acidic organelles leading to dysfunction of several enzymes, e.g. those required for proteolytic processing and post‐translational modification of viral proteins (Fig. 1) (Savarino et al. 2003; Marzi et al. 2012). Consequently, chloroquine analogs inhibit the production of several cytokines, chemokines or mediators, whose excessive appearance contributes the severity of viral infections. Therefore, the inhibition of endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs may become a potential therapeutic strategy for viral infections and associated pathologies.

 chloroquine analogs inhibit these viral entry and replication processes into the cytoplasm of susceptible cells and thereby abrogate their infections (Chiang et al. 1996; Savarino et al. 2003). Furthermore, the dysfunction of various enzymes e.g. glycosylating enzymes, glycosyltransferases caused by increased acidic pH and/or structural changes in the Golgi apparatus with hydroxychloroquine or by specific interaction with chloroquine, have been shown to suppress not only glycosylation of SARS‐ coronaviruses (Vincent et al. 2005; Savarino et al. 2006) but also that of the HIV‐1 gp120 envelope protein, resulting in structural changes in the gp120 glycoprotein, which in turn reduce the reactivity and infectivity of newly produced virions (Savarino et al. 2004; Naarding et al. 2007). Since the surface glycoproteins of filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg) involve in initiation of infection (Takada et al. 1997; Yang et al. 2000), and cytotoxicity (Yang et al. 2000), the inhibition of glycosylation by the analogs prevents the viral entries for a wide variety of host cells and leads to suppress their pathogenicity by producing of noninfectious or decreased infectivity viruses. This inhibited glycosylation will therefore allow time for the adaptive immune response to deal with the infection (Baize et al. 1999).

chloroquine analogs regulate immune activation in viral infection (e.g., HIV‐1) with other antiretroviral agents. The analogs reduce systemic T‐cell activation (Murray et al. 2010; Leroux‐Roels et al. 2014; Routy et al. 2014) and immune hyperactivation in HIV/AIDS (Savarino and Shytaj 2015). Thus, the analogs are beneficial for chronic HIV‐infected individuals. As an endosomal inhibitor, chloroquine blocks Toll‐like receptor (TLR) mediated activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) signaling by the decrease in levels of the downstream signaling molecules, interleukin‐1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK‐4) and IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF‐7) and by the inhibition of IFN‐α synthesis (Martinson et al. 2014). In addition to suppress pDC activation, the analogs also block the negative modulators of T‐cells such as indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) and programmed death ligand 1 (PDL‐1). Since TLR stimulation and production of IFN‐α by pDC contribute to immune activation, blocking the pathway using chloroquine analogs will interfere emerging viral pathogenesis (Martinson et al. 2014).

In addition to the well‐known functions of chloroquine such as elevations of endosomal pH, the drug appears to interfere with terminal glycosylation of the cellular receptor, ACE2. This may negatively affect the virus‐receptor binding and abrogate the infection. The IC50 of chloroquine for inhibition of SARS‐CoV in vitro (8.8 ± 1.2 μmol/L) is significantly lower than its cytostatic activity which approximates the plasma chloroquine concentrations reached during treatment of acute malaria. More interestingly, the suppressing effect is observed when the cells are treated with chloroquine either before or after exposure to the virus, suggesting both prophylactic and therapeutic advantage (Keyaerts et al. 2004; Vincent et al. 2005). There are screened a library of 348 FDA‐approved drugs for anti‐MERS‐CoV activity in cell culture and only four compounds (chloroquine, chlorpromazine, loperamide, and lopinavir) have been identified to inhibit the viral replication (50% effective concentrations, EC50 3–8 μmol/L). Although the protective activity of chloroquine (alone or in combination) remains to be assessed in animal models, these findings may offer a starting point for treatment of patients infected with zoonotic coronaviruses like MERS‐CoV (De Wilde et al. 2014).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5461643/

Mahameda is a vital ingredient of Ashtawarga group and numerous Ayurvedic formulations such as Chyawanprash, Vachadi Taila, Astavarga Churna, Chitrakadi Taila, Mahakalyan Ghrita, Mahamayura Ghrita, Mahapadma Taila, Jivaniya Ghrita, Brahini Gutika, Vajikaran Ghrita, Indrokta Rasayan, etc.[1] Due to extensive usage, the demand of Mahameda is progressively increasing which leads to large scale and indiscriminate collection of wild material and ultimately to scarcity of the authentic source. Currently, Mahameda comes under the category of endangered plants.[2,3]

Traditionally, Mahameda is known to be effective against emaciation, senility, pain, pyrexia, weakness, burning sensation, phthisis, and pulmonary affections and also has other significant effects such as tonic, galactagogue, emollient, aphrodisiac, insecticidal, and leishmanicidal.[2]

Rhizomes of Mahameda have been proven for anti-oxidant,[6] antispasmodic, antidiarrheal,[7] antipyretic,[8] tracheorelaxant, anti-inflammatory,[9] antimicrobial,[10] antinociceptive, diuretic,[11] and antimalarial potential.[12] Rhizomes of Mahameda are known to contain phytoconstituents such as lysine, serine, aspartic acid, threonine, diosgenin, β-sitosterol, sucrose, glucose,[1] micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Sb and Mn), macronutrients (Na, Ca, and K), and essential life nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and ascorbic acid).[13] Few compounds have been isolated from the rhizomes of P. verticillatum which include lectins,[14] 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde,[12] diosgenin, santonin,[6] 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, and β-sitosterol.[9] The present study was designed to isolate and identify other important phytoconstituents of Mahameda, to assist as markers in identifying adulteration.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5052943/